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4. Normal vs. Abnormal Behavior by Species

| Species | Normal Behavior | Abnormal / Concern Behavior | |---------|----------------|------------------------------| | Dog | Social greeting, sniffing, play bow, digging | Prolonged trembling, self-mutilation, relentless circling | | Cat | Scratching, perching high, hiding briefly | Urinating outside box, overgrooming to baldness, aggression toward known people | | Horse | Grazing, mutual grooming, occasional kicking | Cribbing, weaving, stall walking (stereotypies), aggression during handling | | Bird (parrot) | Preening, vocalizing, chewing | Feather plucking, repetitive pacing, screaming |

: Developing evidence-based treatments for individual patients rather than just population-level data. Disease Prevention

2. Common Medical Causes of Behavioral Changes

| Behavioral Sign | Possible Medical Conditions | |----------------|-----------------------------| | Aggression (unprovoked or on handling) | Pain, hypothyroidism (dogs), hyperthyroidism (cats), brain tumor, seizures | | Lethargy/depression | Infection, anemia, organ failure, chronic pain, metabolic disease | | Compulsive behaviors (tail chasing, flank sucking) | Neurologic disorders, GI pain, dermatologic conditions | | House soiling (dogs) | Urinary tract infection, diabetes, kidney disease, cognitive dysfunction | | Inappropriate elimination (cats) | Cystitis, constipation, arthritis (difficulty entering box), FIC | | Night-time vocalization (senior pets) | Cognitive dysfunction syndrome, hypertension, vision/hearing loss |

, behavior is considered the "fastest way" for an animal to show it is adapting to changes in its body or environment.

: Shifts in species-typical behavior—such as lethargy, aggression, or changes in grooming—often signal pain before physiological markers (like elevated heart rate) become evident. The "Rule of 20"

Common Pitfalls & How to Avoid Them